![]() ![]() Both genitourinary and non-genitourinary factors may contribute to incontinence in aging patients. Multiple factors, including age-related physiological changes, may result in or contribute to the various syndromes of UI. These include the consequences of social withdrawal or isolation resulting from the perceived stigma of UI or from the fear of leakage or odor. Other “costs” of UI are difficult to measure but are significant. 10, 21 The indirect costs of UI are associated with a significant decrease in health-related quality of life, especially in women. 20 Indirect costs include complications and disabilities, such as insomnia, falls, depression, caregiving, and nursing-home placement. 18, 19 The direct costs of UI include diagnostic procedures and the various treatment options, including pharmacotherapy. is estimated at $25 billion for patients over 65 years of age. 15 – 17Īnnual direct and indirect costs of managing UI in the U.S. 13, 14 In addition, UI is one of the measures used by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to assess quality of care. 11, 12 The prevalence of UI in nursing homes remains high, and the care of nursing-home residents with UI is the subject of clinical research. It occurs in 85% of long-term-care patients and is often the reason for admission to these facilities. UI is primarily associated with aging, affecting up to 30% of elderly people. 8 UI is also often undocumented upon hospital discharge it is a neglected syndrome in nursing facilities and it is underreported by health care professionals, who may view the condition as a symptom rather than as a medical problem. 7Īs a result of the social stigma associated with UI or the assumption that UI is a normal part of aging, the prevalence of this disorder may be underestimated because of unreported cases. 5, 6 Among women, the incidence of UI is highest in Caucasians (7.3/100 person-years), followed by Asians (5.7/100 person-years) and African-Americans (4.8/100 person-years). UI may be associated with certain comorbidities, including hypertension and depression, although these associations are not fully understood. The prevalence of UI is higher in women than in men 80 years of age or younger, but both men and women are affected almost equally after age 80. In 2007, it was estimated that more than 25 million people in the U.S. have UI, which is associated with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. 1Īpproximately 10 million patients in the U.S. OAB comprises a constellation of symptoms typically characterized by urgency, with or without UUI, accompanied by frequency and nocturia. The term overactive bladder (OAB) is often used to describe UI. OFI may result in LUTS and in the loss of small amounts of urine it most often occurs in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Overflow incontinence (OFI) is caused by a hypotonic bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, or other forms of urinary retention. Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) includes features of both UUI and SUI. ![]() Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is defined as involuntary urine leakage associated with specific activities (e.g., sneezing and coughing. Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) is defined as involuntary urine leakage associated with urgency. UI can be further defined by the patient’s presentations and symptoms. ![]() UI is characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which include both storage and voiding problems. Urinary incontinence (UI) may be defined as any involuntary or abnormal urine loss. ![]()
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